La Chateliers Principle free essay sample

For this assignment you will research one of the equilibrium systems below, or one approved by your instructor, and prepare a presentation describing the system. The Haber Process (or Haber-Bosch Process) The Haber process is the process for converting nitrogen and hydrogen from natural gas into ammonia. Control Click to follow link. The Haber Process PPT. ppt Questions to Answer Questions that should be answered by the content of your research project: 1. Describe the process you researched, including its uses in various industrial or health fields. I chose to research The Haber Process. We will write a custom essay sample on La Chateliers Principle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen that comes from natural gas, into ammonia. The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia is exothermic. 2. Who developed or discovered this process? When? What country was he or she from? (Provide this information if you can find it. ) Fritz Haber, a German Chemist was the person who developed The Haber Process. He had developed it in 1905. Fritz Haber is from Germany. 3. Provide a short paragraph providing some historical background. Why is, or was, this an important chemical process? The Haber Process was developed at the time leading up to WWI. By 1914, German chemical engineer, Carl Bosch had helped Haber in converting the method into an industrial process. This was a very important chemical process because it produces ammonia which is used to make fertilizers, explosives, dyes, household cleaners, and nylon. 4. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction, including the energy term. Is it an endothermic or exothermic reaction? N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g). The production of ammonia is exothermic. Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain the conditions that favor the forward reaction. The position of the equilibrium will shift in a direction that helps to reduce the effect of that change as long as a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium. 6. Under what temperature, pressure, and other conditions is this reaction typically carried out? How does this relate to part of your answer for Question 3? Nitrogen and hydrogen could be combined at elevated temperatures and pressures, in the presence of a catalyst (a process in which Haber first demonstrated, in 1905) 7. What safety, cost, or other considerations prevent most industrial applications from using the most ideal conditions for high yield of the product? Most industrial applications are prevented from using the most ideal conditions for high yield of the product, most likely due to a lack of knowledge in building the high pressure equipment that is needed to carry out the reaction. 8. What catalyst, if any, is used for this reaction? One catalyst could be a mixture of iron and iron oxide. Efficiency could be increased by adding aluminum.

Rome, The Power and Glory essays

Rome, The Power and Glory essays As the story goes, Rome was founded by a pair of feuding brothers who were allegedly raised by wolves. Romulus and Remus. From that point on, the Roman Empire would play a pivotal role in the development of both Eastern and Western society alike. Its influence can still be noticed. The Empire bought us such inventions as aqueducts, elevators, and innovations like urban planning. This essay will discuss the evolution of the Roman Empire and its impact on the Western World. As the story goes, Rome was founded in 753 B.C by two brothers by the names of Romulus and Remus. The two feuded over leadership and the end result was Romulus killing Remus and becoming emperor on his own. The city was only a small settlement at this time with almost no women. Romulus decided to invite their neighbours, the Sabines to a harvest festival. After they all had arrived, the Romans abducted 600 of their women at sword point. In this way, the growth of Rome was insured. The Romans learnt many of their artistic and technological from a group of people known as the Etruscans who lived in the hills of Tuscany. The Etruscans were notably accomplished artists and inventors. They taught the Roman people how to work metal and many other materials. The gladiatorial games, in fact, came from an old Etruscan rite. The very first roman Emperors were Etruscans. The first of these was a man known as Serbius Tullius. He was the very first emperor to conduct what would become a yearly tradition. A census. Unfortunately, he was murdered and deposed by another Etruscan by the name of Tarquin, who was hated by the Roman people. Following the murder of a popular Roman woman by the name of Lucrectia by Tarquin, the people had him deposed and vowed never to live under the rule of one man again. This would hold true for an extremely long time. The Roman people decided that yearly elections would be held to determine which pair of people would rule Rome as Consu...

Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culture - Research Paper Example In his book, Tylor defined culture as â€Å"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society† (Tylor cited in Haviland et al., 2013, p. 10). Culture is obviously not limited to men. Women’s role in the creation and possession of culture cannot be undermined. The concept of culture has become the mainstream topic in Anthropology ever since it was first used by Tylor. Culture is a very powerful survival tool for humans, though it is a sensitive phenomenon. Culture keeps changing constantly. Owing to the fact that culture is stored in the mind only, it can easily be lost as new trends set it. Culture is omnipresent and reflects in everything in the surroundings ranging from written languages to structures and events. The artifacts and broken pots discovered by the archaeologists from underneath the earth are such remains of old civilizations that define their cultural patterns. Old civilizations made those artifacts using their cultural skills and knowledge. People tend to identify cultures by observing materialistic things. â€Å"When we think of company culture, we focus on what we can see and touch – the foosball tables, happy hours, and free lunches. But these are only artifacts, what our culture produces. It’s much harder to pinpoint the root culture† (Wherry, 2014). Real culture is what causes people to purchase certain things and decorate the place with them. Culture as part of the learned patterns and perceptions of behavior has three layers. Cultural traditions play a pivotal role in giving a unique identity to a society. By Japanese, Italian, or Indian culture, people mean shared traditions, language, and beliefs that distinguish the people of one culture from those belonging to the other. In a vast majority of cases, people sharing a certain culture have

Literature review (2) major project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature review (2) major project - Essay Example It shall also relate these studies to each other in terms of consistency across a variety of variables. The therapist-driven approach in respiratory therapy as described by the American Association of Respiratory Care (Des Jardins & Burton, 2006, p. 131) focuses first on delivering individualized diagnostic and therapeutic care to patients; second, on assisting the physician in evaluating the needs of the patient; third, on determining the indications for respiratory therapy and what mode would work best in providing quality health services to the patient; and lastly, on empowering practitioners in allocating signs-and-symptoms based algorithms for patient treatment. This type of therapy is based on the individual needs of a patient. The interaction with the therapist would primarily decide the treatment protocols for the patient. Each patient has unique qualities and unique needs that often ultimately influence the choices that would work best for patients. The therapist-driven protocols are also known for being specific respiratory care services which are implemented under the supervision of the respiratory care practitioners (Stoller, 1998, p. 408). It primarily seeks to implement care services for patients more specifically based on their needs, and administered by experts in respiratory care. The development of the care is collaborative and planned with the assistance of the other members of the health care team equipped with the necessary expertise as regards respiratory care. The collaboration takes into consideration all factors pertinent to the needs of the patient. More often than not, the therapist-driven approach extends to the respiratory consult service, also known as the evaluate-and-treat program. This is a program â€Å"in which respiratory care is directed by respiratory care practitioners based on a menu of protocols for individual respiratory care services† (Stoller, 1998,

Not Without My Daughter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Not Without My Daughter - Essay Example The main character, Betty, meets her husband Dr. Mahmoody is a Michigan hospital. She knows little about him and his past but falls in love at once. In a time, they marry and Betty gives birth to their daughter, Mahtob. One summer, the family travels to Iran, a native country of Dr. Mahmoody. When they come to this country, to their relatives, Betty understands that her husband wants to stay in Iran and keep Mahtob and Betty as prisoners in the house of his sister. She tries to oppose his will but is suppressed by Mahmoody and his family. Living in Iran, Betty knows much about this family and their customs. The most disturbing fact is that Mahmoody and his family are involved in political struggle under slogans of Islamic fundamentalism and nationalistic fanaticism. Betty tries to leave the country, but fails. She contacts her mother in America and asks for an Embassy contact number. Betty is disappointed when knows that Iranian women have no rights on their children: Betty can leave the country but without her daughter, Mahtob. Around the day, Betty is controlled and monitored by relatives of her husband who behave violently towards her. Mahtob is forced to visit a Muslim school faced with oppression and cultural differences. One day, Betty meets another American woman, who helps her to escape. Betty's father fells ill and she decides to visit him in America, but Mahmoody beats her and threatens to kill if she takes their daughter with her. Disappointed and afraid of her future, Betty accepts an escape plan proposed by one of American activists in Iran. She and Mahtob, faced with hardship and the most difficult times, travel through the desert and come to America through Turkey. In this novel, Mahmoody and Hoffer vividly portray the role of the Iranian government and strict social control in lives of ordinary people. The main concepts related to government involve the government control and dominance of religious traditions, low role of women stipulated by the state and political absolutism, feudalism and cult of a political leader, and the state ideology. Of all features of Iran's political culture, religion has by far contributed most directly to the development of both political autocracy and revolutionary movements. This seemingly contradictory role has been played by religion in Iran because of its special relationship to Iran's political institutions. During her first days in Iran, Betty discovers that: "religion as well as their government coerced them [women] in every turn, the practice exemplified by their haughty insistence upon an antiquated and even unhealthy dress code" (Mahmoody and Hoffer 35). In Iran, the power and strength of the government is based on religious traditions and laws. Religion has served as a main cause of political absolutism and as a vehicle for political oppression. Betty and other Iranian women suffer from strict control exercised by the government and its official institutions. The most readily apparent form of inequality stipulated and supported by the government is that between the sexes. Under the Islamic Republic inequality between men and women is sanctioned through official and quasi-official policies that discriminate against women and ensure their subservient position in society both socially and

Criminology Essays Youth Crime Prevention

Criminology Essays Youth Crime Prevention Youth Crime Prevention Youth and Crime: The Need for a Prevention Strategy There is considerable debate over the issue of whether the level or the seriousness of offences committed by youth has increased in recent years. Those who feel it has point to statistical evidence of increased youth involvement in certain types of crimes. This position is also often supported by our personal experience of victimization, and our collective exposure to media reports of dramatic incidents involving young offenders. Others, however, argue that some of the apparent increase in official rates is a result of lower tolerance on the part of the public, and of an increasing tendency to use the formal justice system rather than community based or interpersonal solutions in response to offending by young people. In any case, there seems little doubt that there are increasing levels of concern among the public about the problem of youth crime and an increased understanding that most adult offenders start committing offences as youth and, thus, intervention must occur early to be beneficial. 3 The focus is on youth because research shows that early onset of delinquent and aggressive behaviour is the single best predictor of prolonged involvement with the criminal justice system.5 Thus, the intent of prevention focusing on youth is to reduce the occurrence and/or delay the onset of the initiation of delinquent behaviour. In other words, if a comprehensive crime prevention strategy for youth is developed and implemented, it would have the short-term effect of lowering the number of youth processed by the criminal justice system, thus saving both time and money, and the long-term effect of actually lowering the rates of crime and victimization, thus making the role of police less reactive. Crime Prevention The term crime prevention, in the broadest sense, encompasses any activity that has the effect of reducing crime.6 It includes a broad spectrum of activities, ranging from the social development approach to the prevention of opportunity through to deterrence. These include diversion of offenders prior to charging and dealing with offenders after sentence.7 A comprehensive strategy for crime prevention would include a complete range of activities covering all levels of intervention and elements of the crime event. 8 The problem of youth crime is complex and requires the involvement of the families, communities, schools, and often other agencies, to develop and implement prevention initiatives. Focus on the Causes of Criminal Behaviour In dealing with youth and children it is very important to understand the causes of criminal behaviour. Risk factors, such as early onset of delinquent behaviour, family violence, lack of support and supervision, substance abuse, etc., should become the focus for prevention programs. The social development approach is particularly well-suited for dealing with the causes of delinquency. Consideration of Victims’ Needs A lack of support for victims can result in continued victimization, causing further suffering for the victim. The provision of victim support services to deal with the effects of the crime are essential for responding effectively. The interests of other victims and potential victims need to be recognized and addressed as well. The use of alternatives to the traditional court system allows more involvement of victims in the process. If the victims wish to be involved in mediation or victim/offender reconciliation this should be actively encouraged. Tertiary prevention involves the full range of responses that occur after a crime has been committed. The vast majority of the activities of the criminal justice system are tertiary interventions. The objective is to rehabilitate or incapacitate the offender (deter recidivism), deter others who might consider similar behaviour, and repair some of the damage done to the victim. At present, most of the activity in this area concentrates on detecting, convicting, and sanctioning offenders. The major limitation of the public health model described above is the fact that it is grounded in the principles of pure science and implies that causes of crime are as identifiable as the causes of disease. Unfortunately, social science is not as exact a discipline as health science. It is based on associations and probabilities as opposed to certain specific causes. Further, there is often inadequate and sometimes conflicting evidence regarding the validity of specific causes.3 This raises the possibility of mislabeling a specific individual as a potential criminal because of his or her history and social circumstances or, on the other hand, mislabeling someone as unlikely to commit crime because of their positive social environment when in fact they are involved in crime. 4.1.2 Where The Focus of Prevention A prevention initiative must identify one or more specific targets upon which a proposed program can have an impact. The design of an initiative must consider the full range of target options. This requires a focus on all the aspects of a criminal event, which include an offender(s), a victim(s), and a situation(s) which brings these people together.4 The focus on the offender turns our attention to the issue of the motivation of a criminal act (e.g., Why is the individual tempted?; Are there social factors that place the individual at greater risk?), and to the ability of that same individual to exercise sufficient self-control over criminal motives. The thrust of offender-based strategies is to reduce the social conditions believed to contribute to criminal activity, reduce the levels of criminal motivation, or increase the capacity of individuals to exercise self-control. The focus on the situation shifts the attention to the opportunity to commit a criminal act, and to the levels of external control on individuals or groups. The main thrust here is on attempts to make 46 offending more difficult or less rewarding, or to increase the probability that an offender will be identified and caught. The focus on the victim raises the issue of the relative vulnerability of certain individuals or groups to criminal victimization. The thrust of intervention in this area is on improving the ability of potential victims to manage risk more effectively, and on providing the necessary support and assistance necessary to allow people to reduce their exposure to risk. A Conceptual Framework for Crime Prevention The discussion of the possible levels and targets of a prevention initiative can be combined into a typology of prevention options.5 The typology presented in Table 4.1 allows us to identify the range of elements and components that should be considered in the development of a comprehensive prevention strategy. Community Crime Prevention The objective of this strategy is to supplement the work and resources of the police by improving the capacity of a community to supervise and control potential offenders. The emphasis is on increasing informal social control, usually through programs such as Neighbourhood Watch, which recruit members of the community on a volunteer basis as the eyes and ears of the justice system. Tertiary PreventionThe assumption is that this will provide more information to the police and the courts, thus allowing them to improve their rate of arrests and convictions. The theory is that this will deter offenders and thus improve community safety. Unfortunately, the research on this type of programs is not always supportive or encouraging: there is little indication that crime rates are reduced, and it appears that these programs are extremely difficult to set up in the communities that need them the most.6 Traditionally, the criminal justice system has intervened largely at the tertiary level, that is, after an offence has been reported. The overwhelming focus of attention has been on the identification, arrest, prosecution and conviction of offenders. The shift to a focus on prevention of recidivism and the integration of the offender provides a context for the discussion of the general strategy of diversion as an option for dealing with the needs and concerns of victims, offenders, and communities in a more effective and cost efficient manner. A discussion of strategic options for the design and implementation of diversion programs can be found in Chapter 6.0 of this manual. In the area of policing, the problem is to identify and implement policing strategies that maximize the ability to reduce recidivism and ideally, to deter others from getting involved in offending. Traditionally, the role of the police has been to deliver prosecutable cases to the Crown prosecutor for processing the assumption being that successful prosecutions and sentences would have the best effect on both recidivism and general deterrence. However, the recognition of the broad range of risk factors associated with the development of persistent offending offers an alternative to this approach. The lesson from the research on persistent offenders is that success is most likely in situations where the full range of problems faced by the individual are addressed by early intervention. In practical terms, this means designing intervention strategies that reflect the knowledge we have of risk factors. (the above is not in my words just extra info! The assignment must be on one case study only! Thinking errors: Thinking errors involves young people (under the age of 18 years old) attempting to alter the truth and to ignore taking accountability for their actions and repercussions. There are many common thinking errors that young offenders may use. Blaming: a young individualperson who justifies their negative behaviour as being due to someone else initiating the incident they have committed. E.g. it was not my fault, she started it. Assuming: a young individualperson may assume they know what another person is thinking or feeling and will often act before verifying the details. E.g. he looked at me funny as if he wanted to fight so before he hit me I hit him. Minimising: the young individualperson will try to make what he or she did seem less bad. E.g. I didn’t crash the car that badly, it can still start. Telling lies: a young individualperson tries to lie about what he or she have done. E.g. I didn’t steal that lady’s handbag, she dropped it and I picked it up. Coming up with excuses’: a young person constantly making up excuses for their action. E.g. but I really didn’t see her there I thought it was my toy gun not a real gun that was loaded. Thinking errors are created through faulty understanding of facts. Everyone engages in thinking errors at some point in time and it doesn’t automatically render into a life of criminality but many young people engage in criminal behaviour, and will use thinking errors to validate their wrong doings or actions.

The Great Change in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis Essay -- The Metamorphos

Although Gregor turned into a bug, the real Metamorphosis occurred before the change and with the whole family. Kafka’s novella The Metamorphosis reflects the ideals about industrialization and existentialism during the turn of the century. In the novella, Gregor turns into a bug, and the whole family has to deal with it in different ways. Many characters go through a metamorphosis in the novella. Although the changes may not be physical the changes occurred greatly in Gregor, Mr. Samsa, and Grete. Gregor’s major transformation occurred not when he turned into a bug, but through the changes in his life. Gregor’s life before the changed into some sort of bug was like a bumble bee. He would go through life doing as others told him. In the story Gregor said, â€Å"For the time being, however, I must get up because my train leaves at five† (Kafka 4), which explains how he was just someone going through life on a schedule, just like a worker bee. But even before his time as a traveling salesman, he was someone else, â€Å"On the wall just opposite hung a photograph of Gregor from the time of his military service† (16). He was a military man, so at this point; he has already changed from someone who was in the military, to a boring worker in a modern industrial world. The greatest change that happened to Gregor was of his appreciated for music. Before, Gregor hardly noted his sister’s violin playing, but at the end of the novella, he said, â€Å"W as he a beast if music could move him so? He felt as though the path to his unknown hungers was being cleared† (49). Gregor was never so appreciative towards music in his entire life, but the changes he went through, came out with a new lenience towards it. The obvious assumption about Gregor’s metamorp... ..., she felt strongly towards her brother, and she loved him, but at the end, the greatest change in to story happened. â€Å"It has to go†¦that’s the only way†¦we have no brother†¦it obviously wants to take over the whole apartment† (53). She wanted to kill her brother, because of the work and pain he has brought the family. She even went so far as to say, â€Å"We have to get rid of it† (52). In conclusion, the greatest change in the novella was of a kind and loving sister, to a murderous human, who has no brother anymore. Although Gregor may seem like the only one who went through a metamorphosis, his whole family was along for the ride. So what if everybody looked at their own lives this way, and instead of turning into a bug, just changed in a slight way. What effect would that have on your family if you woke up a different person? Works Cited Kafka- The Metamorphosis